Accountant in Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bookkeeper in Business - Coursework Example The Porter’s Five Forces would likewise be actualized alongside a Value Chain investigation for the organization. Tesco plc was established by Jack Cohen in the year 1919 and was first arranged in London as a market slow down. The organization has become throughout the years and has figured out how to rival exceptionally positioned food retailers on the planet. The organization was in the year 1947 joined from being a market slow down to a retailer and their market scope developed from one nation to at any rate 12 nations on the planet. Today, Tesco is known to be among the world’s biggest food retailer with an aggregate of 4331 stores in 14 nations which spread the locales of Asia, Europe and the United States. The biggest quantities of stores are found in the United States however their office central command are arranged in Hertfordshire, UK. In 2009, Tesco had income of  £54 billion and had utilized around 470,000 specialists. In 2013, Tesco plc was positioned as United Kingdom’s top food retailer. Before the finish of 2014, Tesco plc had in excess of 500,000 workers set apar t by the expansion sought after for retail food. Before the finish of 2014, Tesco Company recorded income of $100,026 million which was a 0.2% development from 2013. The net benefit of the organization had expanded by 10.5% from the earlier year with $1,532.9 million. The turnover of the organization was 63,557,000,000 (GBP). One of the policy centered issues that legitimately influenced Tesco plc was the exchange that existed between the Eastern and the Western European nations. The exchange between the two districts gave a stage to Tesco plc to grow its market over the European Union. Moreover in 2009, Tesco consented to an arrangement with joint endeavors which prompted the improvement of shopping retails shopping center in China. With global arrangements being made everywhere throughout the world, the market fragment of Tesco has risen and more extension experienced in various nations. To Tesco Company, financial components assume a major job since it legitimately

Theraputic Relationship Free Essays

interim I spoke with my best with her do that she felt agreeable. Asa result, she gave a decent collaboration and delighted in the dinner until wrapped up. In my assessing, I believe I settle on the correct choice to go with and assistMrs. We will compose a custom exposition test on Theraputic Relationship or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now An in taking care of. Moreover, I could build up my medical caretaker tolerant relationship. In spite of the fact that McCabe (2004, p. 44) would depict it as an undertaking centredcommunication as one of the component caused the need correspondence amongnurses, however I think my medical attendant patient relationship correspondence both included agood persistent focused correspondence and assignment focused correspondence. In mypersonal supposition, I took care of Mrs. An as a patient to show my compassion becauseshe couldn't take care of herself. It was likewise as my obligation to take care of her with the goal that I couldmake sure the patient get the best consideration in the ward. So my inclusion in thisnurse-tolerant relationship doesn't just limit to the undertaking centredcommunication on the grounds that (Burnard 1990, and Stein-Parbury 1993, refered to inMcCabe 2002, p. 44) characterize going to as a patient-focused procedure as wells as tofulfil the essential conditions as a medical caretaker to give the validity, warmth andempathy towards the patient. I had the option to improve my non-verbalcommunication aptitudes in my discussion with her during the taking care of. As she washaving a consultation issue and couldn't convey in the first languageproperly, so the non-verbal correspondence assumes a job. Caris-Verhallen et al (1999, p. 809) express that the non-verbal correspondence becomes significant whencommunicating with the old individuals who build up a meeting issue. Hollman et al (2005, p31) recommends some powerful approaches to augment the correspondence 5 ith hearing disability individuals, for example, consistently gains the person’s attentionbefore talking, obvious yourself to forestall them feel terrify and attempt to usesome delicate touch. I feel this is a decent encounter to me since I learn todevelop my non-verbal correspondence. I utilized the greater part of the body gesturersbecause of the language hindrance was being a hole in my discussion with Mrs. A. She could talk restricted in the main language so I attempted to talk in her lingo. Moreover, Wold (2004, p. 6) notice that gesturers are one specifictype of non-verbal correspondence planned to communicate thoughts and are valuable for individuals who can't utilize a lot of words. Anyway I additionally utilized my facial expressionsto encourage her to complete the dinner. It may be not all that tasty on the grounds that shewithdraws the dinner after barely any extensions however I grinned and guaranteed Mrs. A that it wasgood for her wellbeing to complete her supper. Also, the outward appearances are mostexpressive which are not restricted to certain social and age obstructions (Wold, 2004,p. 6). Subsequently my outward appearance worked out to urge her to complete themeal. In spite of the fact that I was unable to disclose detail to her about the significant nourishment dietthat she should take, however I could advocate her to complete the dinner served becausethe supper was set up as per her condition. So as to examination of the occasion, I could assess that, my communicationskills are critical to give the best nursing care to Mrs. A. Mycommunication with Mrs. A was the relational correspondence. This isbecause the relational correspondence is a correspondence which required of two people (Funnell et al 2005, p. 438). I understood that my nonverbal 6 correspondence helped me a ton in my obligation to give the nursing care to Mrs. A. Despite the fact that she could comprehend scarcely any straightforward words when I was soliciting her however Inoticed that one from the issues happens inside the correspondence was thelanguage hindrance. As the patient was not utilizing the official language and thesecond language, I attempted to communicate in her language. I despite everything could oversee thecommunication in our discussion. Be that as it may, it was very hard to advance theeffective verbal correspondence with the patient. Moreover, White (2005, p. 112)recommend that an attendant ought to become familiar with a couple of words or expressions in the predominantsecond language to comfort a patient for better understanding. In spite of the fact that itwas very troublesome however utilizing the nonverbal at the same time with the verbalcommunication encouraged her to talk on her best to make me understandher words. In the occasion demonstrated that, there was a reaction from Mrs. A. when Iwas posing her inquiries. Pipe et al (2005, p. 38) bring up that acommunication would happen when an individual reacts to a message got andassigns significance to it. She gestured her head to allocate that she concurred with me. Delaune and Ladner (2002, p. 191) clarify that the channel is one of thecomponent of the correspondence procedure which go about as a medium during themessage is conveyed. What's more, Mrs. An addit ionally gave me a criticism that sheunderstood my message by transmitting the message by means of her body gesturers andeye conduct. Subsequently I could consider that the correspondence channels utilized inmy discussion were visual and sound-related. Delaune and Ladner (2002, p. 191)state an input is that the sender gets the data after the recipient respond to the message. Be that as it may, Chitty and Black (2007, p. 218) characterize criticism 7 is a reaction to a message. In my circumstance, I was a sender who passed on themessage getting the data from Mrs. A, the recipient who consented to takelunch and permit me to take care of. Thusly, I could dissect that mycommunication with Mrs. A required of five segment of correspondence processwhich are sender, message, channel, recipient and input (Delaune andLadner, 2002, p. 91). Basically, for my impression of this occasion investigates about on how thecommunication abilities assume a job on the medical caretaker persistent relationship all together todeliver the nursing care towards the patient particularly the grown-up. She neededquite at some point to adjust the capacity changes in her day by day exercises living where Iwas attempting to help her in taking care of. I was concern ing my inclination and thoughtsduring the taking care of with the goal that I could improve more aptitudes in my correspondence. Isuccessfully spoke with her adequately as she delighted in completing themeal. So it is indispensable to construct compatibility with her to urge her capacity to talk upverbally and non-verbal. Besides, this capacity could push her to communicateeffectively with other staff medical attendants. Afterward, she would not be dismissed in light of her age or her inability to comprehend the data given about her treatment. (Hyland and Donaldson 1989, refered to in Harrison and Hart 2006 p. 22) notice thatcommunication express what the patients think and feel. So as to communicatewith grown-up, it is imperative to survey her basic correspondence language andher capacity to interface in different dialects. As I utilized a few words in her dialect,I basically urged the patient to stand up verbally and convey non-8 verbal with the goal that the message could be comprehended and don't break the attendant patient correspondence. As I would like to think, I assessed that it doesn't a make a difference whether it was a patient-focused correspondence or errand focused communicationbecause both correspondence referenced by McCabe (2004) really doesinvolves correspondence to the patients. So it was anything but an issue to contend whichtype of correspondence includes in my discussion with my patient. After dissected the circumstance, I might reason that I was know the abilities for compelling correspondence with the patient, for example, approach the patient, askingquestions, be an undivided attention, show my compassion and bolster the patientemotions (Walsh, 2005, p. 34). In reality helping the grown-up was a decent work on indelivering the nursing care among grown-ups. My activity plan for the clinical practice later on, if there were patientsthat I have to help in taking care of or other nursing technique, I would set myself up better to deal with the patients who might have some trouble incommunication. This is on the grounds that, as one of the medicinal services laborer, I need thebest care for my patients. So in identified with convey the best consideration to my patients, Ineed to comprehend them quite well. I need to impart successfully as this isimportant to realize what they need most during warded under my watch as anurse. As per my experience, I realized that correspondence was thefundamental part to build up a decent relationship. Wood (2006, p. 13) express thata correspondence is the key establishment of relationship. In this manner a goodcommunication is fundamental to get know the patient’s singular wellbeing status 9 The most effective method to refer to Theraputic Relationship, Papers

Why Product Creation Is The Next Step To Blogging

Why Product Creation Is The Next Step To Blogging Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Why Product Creation Is The Next Step To BloggingUpdated On 29/11/2017Author : HBB Guest AuthorTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozgHXW CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogBlogging is a career choice for many people these days. Youngsters believe blogging to be easy money. We all know that it is not, and creating a successful blog requires a lot of time and efforts as input. Investing money to buy the right tools, themes, plugins and add-ons is a pre-requisite to gaining success as a blogger. The topic of today’s discussion here at HellBound Bloggers (HBB) is that why product creation is the next step to blogging!Top reasons why only Blogging on its own doesn’t make the cutOnly doing blogging for revenue generation is a very outdated strategy. There is so much widespread competition these days that there are a hundreds of blogs trying to rank for the same st uff that you are trying to rank for. Blogging alone doesn’t make the cut anymore because of these top five reasons:1.Reliance on unreliable external monetization sources:Most of the bloggers rely on monetization sources like Google Adsense, Infolinks etc. These sources can ban your accounts at any time without a prior reason and such revenue sources are not to be relied upon as the primary revenue source until and unless you are a premium publisher.When all of your income source is concentrated in one medium then it becomes easier to be caught unaware and hit by a ban.2. High number of search engine algorithm updates:Most of the Google Algorithm updates are focused on making the user’s search experience better. But sometimes people who are providing good content but working on a small scale get hit by such updates and by the time they recover they have already lost a lot of time and money getting their rankings back.3. Too much competition and overcrowded digital space:When it c omes to providing valuable quality content a lot of existing industry players are doing it and to build a brand through blogging would require a lot of writing expertise, marketing and spends.4. Blogging alone isn’t sustainable for single website owners:Gone are the days when people could earn all the money they need from single websites. People are making event based niche blogs, targeted affiliate blogs and what not. Doing only blogging and that too on a single website as the sole online asset is a sure shot recipe for disaster in near future.5. Limits the chances of exploring new methods of earning online:People who are only engaged in blogging are stuck between the daily schedule of blog updation, guest blogging, backlink creation and other woes that aren’t left with enough time to venture out to learn new stuff.Here’s a small graph to get you started, this graph shows the number of non-employer businesses in the U.S.A. Non employers are those self-employed persons who don ’t have any other people working for them and are working for themselves.These businesses mostly rely on selling their own products to create profit, so now you know how big this market actually is.What is Product creation and how to do it?Product creation means making a product of your own, it can be a service, an eBook, a usable script or anything which you have made and is marketable.READCheck Domain Authority And Page Authority Of A WebsiteYour own product also means that you should have all the creative rights to it. Selling someone else’s work by repackaging isn’t professional. Original product ideas are the best, start by building prototypes of your idea and asking opinions from those who are in the same field and least likely to steal your idea! (Pun intended. Facebook anyone! :P)To make your product follow these three Ps:Plan: Make proper detailed layouts as to what problems your product solves and how would you make it easy to use and understand.Produce (Prototype): “The best way to learn fighting is by going to war.” When you create initial prototypes and keep releasing iterations till your product is a success there would be really less chances of failure.Promote: Promoting to the right group of people with the right messaging will get you going.Ways to make sure your product creation is heading in right directionBuilding your own product is a step in the right direction when looking for proliferation of your online earnings. There are a few points that must be kept in mind while making the shift from blogging to promoting and selling your own product.Build upon your blogging audience:The contacts and connections that you made while blogging aren’t always helpful unless you have something of your own that you can sell to them!Go slow when launching your first product:You might have a good readership on your blog/website but it doesn’t necessarily mean that everyone would line up to buy what you have to offer.Focus on the right testing and marketing strategies:Only product creation won’t be enough. Get your product out in the wild before releasing it to your audience. If your product isn’t ready for launch then also launch it, let it be a failure. Once your product fails you would have a treasure trove of data as to why it failed. Once you have better insight and data you can launch an incremented version, the kind of money that you can generate by selling your own product is really high as compared to those from platforms where you earn money indirectly and are not dealing directly with customers.Product creation gives you total control over the earning process as the quality of your product and marketing would determine the number of sales and there would be really less external factors that you would be dependent on.So, if you are a blogger and still confused how to grow big within next few years then my friend go create your own product.So what are you waiting for, start today. Got any queries, want to as k something then do comment here or you can tweet to us @HellBoundBlog.This article is written by Aditya Nath Jha. He blogs at Inspire2rise.com and works as an SEO for MyRefers. He is a blogger, website speed optimizer and when he is not blogging he loves to play his guitar and create music!

Understanding the Backlash Against Feminism

Backlash  is a negative and/or hostile reaction to an idea, especially a political idea. The term is usually used to refer to a reaction that happens after some time, as opposed to an instant negative reaction when an idea is presented. The  backlash  often occurs after the idea or event has had some popularity. The term has been applied to feminism and womens rights since about 1990. There is often perceived to be a backlash against  feminism  in U.S. politics and public media. Politics After the great successes of the  women’s liberation movement, a backlash against the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"second wave† of feminism  began during the 1970s. Social historians and  feminist theorists  see the beginning of the political  backlash  against feminism in several different events: The volatile political climate surrounding the effort to ratify the  Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): The proposition of ERA brought to the surface another split between the feminist and other ranks. The proponents advocated for common humanity between men and women, while the opponents thought the ERA would erase the natural differences between the sexes and thus strip women from certain necessary protections.A strong antifeminist presence of the New Right: The attack on the  Equal Rights Amendment  by the New Right, especially by Phyllis Schlafly  and her  STOP-ERA campaign was disappointing.The anti-feminist groups attacking the Supreme Court’s  Roe v. Wade  decision: Roe v. Wade was a decision that allowed pregnant women to decide for themselves whether to go with an abortion or not. The decision resulted in an enormity of negative responses throughout the country and for many years to come.The election of  Ronald Reagan: President Reagan was one of the strong and vocal opposers of Roe and of feminist movements in general.The rise of Jerry Falwell’s Moral Majority organization: The organization promoted traditional family values and was in strong opposition to many feminist issues such as ERA, Roe v. Wade, or homosexuality. Media There was also a backlash against feminism found in the media: In declarations that feminism is deadIn the description of the 1980s and beyond as â€Å"post-feminist†In the narrative that treated feminism as a movement of the past rather than a  still evolving forceIn the accepted use of stereotypes of feminist women and of women in general Feminists point out that the 1980s backlash was nothing new. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, powerful voices also tried to sweep  the â€Å"first wave† feminism out of the public’s awareness. However, the publication of  Susan Faludis  Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women  in 1991 began a significant  public conversation on the fate of feminism in the 1980s. To those who read her best-seller, other antifeminist trends became more apparent. Feminism and Backlash in 21st Century Women remain underrepresented among media decision-makers, and many have looked at later trends as being part of a continuing backlash against feminism, scapegoating womens rights advocacy for not only making women unhappy but destroying masculinity. In the 1990s, legislation about welfare seemed to make poor single mothers responsible for the problems of the American family. Continuing opposition to womens reproductive rights and decision-making authority regarding birth control and abortion has been described as a war on women, echoing Faludis book title. In 2014, a media campaign, Women Against Feminism, took to social media as yet another kind of backlash against feminism. Susan Faludis  Backlash In 1991, Susan Faludi published  Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women.  This book examined the trend at that time, and similar backlashes in the past, to reverse womens gains in moving towards equality. The book became a best-seller and was awarded the National Books Critics Circle Award. From her first chapter: Behind this celebration of the American womans victory, behind the news, cheerfully and endlessly repeated, that the struggle for womens rights is won, another message flashes. You may be free and equal now, it says to women, but you have never been more miserable. Faludi looked deeply at the inequalities that American women faced during the 1980s. Her inspiration was a Newsweek cover story in 1986 about a scholarly study, coming out of Harvard and Yale, supposedly showing that single career women had little chance of marrying. She realized that the statistics didnt really demonstrate that conclusion and began noticing other media stories that seemed to show that feminist gains had actually hurt women. Faludi says, the womens movement, as we are told time and again, has proved womens own worst enemy. In the 550 pages of the book, she also documented the factory closings in the 1980s and the effect on blue-collar women workers. She also noted that the United States was alone among industrialized nations in not providing a system of childcare, making it more difficult for women, still expected to be primary caregivers of the familys children, to enter the workforce on equal terms to men. Criticism Despite her analysis including racial and class issues, critics have pointed out that Backlash largely addresses issues of middle class and successful white women. With her focus on the marriage study, critics also noted the focus on heterosexual women. Faludi on Media Faludi documented many ways in which the media, including advertisers, newspapers, movies, and television blamed feminism for problems of American women and families. She showed that the common media myths of unhappy women were not accurate: The movie  Fatal Attraction  seemed to sum up the negative image of a woman.Mary Tyler Moores independent character of the 1970s show had been remade into a divorcee in a new 1980s series.Cagney and Lacy was canceled because the characters didnt fit feminine stereotypes.  Fashions featured more frills and restrictive clothing. Different Origins of the Backlash Backlash also documented the role of the New Right—an anti-feminist conservative movement describing itself as pro-family—in the anti-feminist movement. Overall, the Reagan years, for Faludi, were not good ones for women.   She also identified that some of the negativity about feminism came from feminists themselves. Faludi notes, [e]ven founding feminist Betty Friedan has been spreading the word: she warns that women now suffer from a new identity crisis and new problems that have no name. Faludi saw the backlash as a recurring trend. She showed how each time that women seemed to make progress towards equal rights, the media of the day highlighted supposed harm to women, and how in this way, at least some of the gains were reversed. This article has been edited and content added by Jone Johnson Lewis.

Mary Stuart Victim of Evil Political Conspiracies

I/ Born to be a puppet of her mothers and Scottish courts ambitions King James V of Scotland suffered so complete defeat in the Battle of Solway Moss on 24 November 1542 by his uncle King Henry VIII of England that even the birth of his only surviving legitimate child, Mary, could not raise him up. He died at the age of 30 and Mary Stuart was unconsciously put to the Scottish throne. On 9 September 1543, at Stirling Castle, 9-month-old Mary officially became Queen of Scots or Mary I of Scotland. King Henry VIII of England conspired to unit Scotland with England under the reign of Tudors through the marriage between Queen Mary and his son - Prince Edward. However, Marys mother, Marie de Guise - a native of France, and Scottish court preferred allying Scotland to the powerful French Catholic nation. On 7 August 1548, 6-year-old Queen Mary had to leave her Scotland to France as a deposit for Scotlands safety. However, Catherine de Medici, Marys future mother-in-law, did try her utmost to prevent Mary from marrying her son, Francis, due to a deathly prophecy. The wedding was therefore intentionally dawdled while English forces were approaching Scottish frontier. Mary, at any price, must become French Dauphine in order to send French army to protect Scotland. To convince the current King of France, Henry II, Mary had to obey her mothers artifice of distorting Mary I of Englands condition as well as exaggerating the Church of Englands support to her heir to EnglishShow MoreRelatedWitchcraft And Women : Evaluation Of Gender Theories3055 Words   |  13 Pagesorgies or group sex, which were all labeled as deviant sexuality. Women, who were considered the lesser, more fragile sex, were suspected of copulating with the devil. Because, being as fragile and naive as they are, fall directly into the arms of evil and sin. But even worse than copulating with the devil was being a midwife. Midwives w ere believed, at the time, to kill the children they helped conceive and offer them to the devil . During the witch craze era several thousand people, mostly pleasantRead MoreJane Austen’s Novels and the Contemporary Social and Literary Conventions.12979 Words   |  52 Pagesof female inferiority as â€Å"divinely ordained†. Gisborne uses various points from the Bible and Judeo-Christian history to exemplify his point of view (cf. Dobosiewicz 42). Moreover, he claims that: The science of legislation, of jurisprudence, of political economy; the conduct of government in all its executive functions; the abstruse researches of erudition; the inexhaustible depths of philosophy; the acquirements subordinate to navigation; the knowledge indispensable in the wide field of commercialRead MoreFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 Pagestend to fall into two opposing camps, best represented by Daniel Boorstin and Stuart Ewen. Boorstin thoughtfully sketches some moral and emotional dilemmas in the culture of consumption, but he ignores power relations. To him advertising is an expression of impersonal technological, economic, and social forces. Ewen, on the other hand, can see nothing but power relations. To him the consumer is the product of a conspiracy hatched by corporate executives in the bowels of the Ministry of Truth, thenRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesacknowledge the contribution of many others to its devel opment. We would like to express our thanks to Jacqueline Senior, who was our original commissioning editor, and to Matthew Walker, who took over that role. We also would wish to thank David Cox and Stuart Hay, who have been our development editors. Their contribution to the pedagogic shaping of the text challenged many of our initial assumptions about the nature of a ‘textbook’ on organization theory and have enabled us to produce what we hope is anRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesConsequences of Political Behavior 426 Factors Contributing to Political Behavior 426 †¢ How Do People Respond to Organizational Politics? 429 †¢ Impression Management 430 The Ethics of Behaving Politically 434 Summary and Implications for Managers 435 S A L S A L Self-Assessment Library Is My Workplace Political? 412 glOBalization! Power Distance and Innovation 420 An Ethical Choice Should All Sexual Behavior Be Prohibited at Work? 423 Myth or Science? â€Å"Corporate Political Activity Pays†Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesprojects, since he INTRODUCTION 33 speaks three languages. Has liked hockey ever since the time he spent in Montreal. Considered a strong manager who gets the most out of his people. Group #5: Mark McIntyre, 45-year-old white male, married (Mary Theresa) to an executive in the banking industry. No children. A lot of experience in Germany and Eastern Europe. Has been writing a mystery novel. Has always been a good â€Å"team player, but † several members of his technical staff are not well respected

Perceptions and Stereotypes of Aerobics - 1713 Words

With 600,000 people across Australia who have participated in aerobics at one point in time, it can be manifested that aerobics is one of the most marginalized sports within the country (Ausport, 2000). With such a marginalized sport, there are many stereotypes that are associated with just the word aerobics. This is explored through the survey that was conducted and was answered by the students at StAC. Many of the stereotypes that are believed in society are that aerobics is a sport dominated by females and that it more of a dance class. This report will evaluate the possible influences that have shaped students’ perceptions using Figueroa’s Framework and Maslow’s hierarchy. Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic†¦show more content†¦The lack of sponsorship could be a reason why there is a insufficiency of participants in aerobics. This leads us on to the next point, the institutional level. Institutional level 2.2 The institutional level of Figueroa’s framework level examines the institutions within society that affect sport and physical activity (Kirk, 2004). Institutions such as schools, community groups, sporting clubs, and religious groups are able to help shape positive attitudes to sport and physical activity. The accessibility of aerobics classes and equipment are very limited compared to many other sports. In the Brisbane area there are only 3 aerobics classes compared to the 1219 rugby league classes (Google maps, 2013). This is a staggering 400 times more and is very influential to the fact that participation levels are lower and can be the reason why many people view it as a dance class due to the lack of availability of facilities. There are also no aerobics competitions within Australia and this is another factor in influencing people’s perceptions. Schools feature prominently when discussing how people’s early attitudes towards sport are shaped. Some schools with strong sporting traditions reinforce participation in sport. The sports that students are encouraged to participate in can depend on the school’s history and traditions, the facilities and equipment available, and the expertise of theShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Participation On Physical Activity Among High School Students1282 Words   |  6 Pagesnumerous social barriers surrounding participation in Sports Aerobics. Like any new sport, Sports Aerobics is seeking recognition and acceptance as a valuable and worthwhile competitive physical activity. According to the Northern Ireland Assembly (2010), social barriers refer to specific social and cultural practices, beliefs and traditions within a community or society and impact on individuals’ self-perceptions and their perceptions of others. 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Chalazae Aina, Philippe Sarrazin, Paul Fontayne Julie Boiche Corentin Clà ©ment-Guillotin 2013 Psychology of Sports and Exercise: the influence of sex stereotypes and gender roles on participation and performance in sports and exercise: review and future directions volume 14, Issue 2, Collins, Leslea Haravon 2002 Working Out The Contradictions Feminism And Aerobics Journal Of Sport Social Issues, Volume 26Read MoreWhy Do Ones Looks Get For Justify Others Opinions?1919 Words   |  8 Pagesoverweight, or just plain unattractive they are deemed as some sort of monster. Our perceptions of others and stereotypes that are used impact everyone’s social identities today. When we stop hiding from the fact that we as a society are based off of appearances, we can come together to change these social misinterpretations. David Kirby and Deborah Rhode introduced us to the topic of discrimination and stereotypes that we face based upon our appearance and physical attributes. They assist by showingRead MoreThe Effects Of Sports On Female Athletes2156 Words   |  9 Pagesmainly western cultures, women are expected to maintain a certain figure. The stereotype is that women must preserve a thin build and maintain lean muscles (Paloian, 2016). Yet, if you want to be succ essful in your sport you must build some type of muscle mass. There is no winning. MacNeill acknowledged that, â€Å"Thus a television image of a woman engaged in physical activity may embody the notion of femininity if she is an aerobic dancer, or masculinity if she is a bodybuilder† (MacNeill, Birrell ColeRead MorePhysical Activity Has A Strong Influence On The Health And Wellbeing Of Every Individual3703 Words   |  15 Pagessuch as light weights, resistance bands, ankle and wrist weights and medicine balls that can be used so long as they are returned after use. There will be volunteers supervising the area to ensure safety. Studies have shown that both resistance and aerobic exercise are ideal to prescribe to adults of any age but for this age group I want to focus more on movement, stability, flexibility, and range of motion. The reason why I did not decide to include structured classes focused on resistance trainingRead MoreThe Old Style Of Medicine3112 Words   |à ‚  13 PagesReducing the amount of sodium in your diet to less than 1,500 milligrams a day if you have high blood pressure. Healthy adults should try to limit their sodium intake to no more 2,300 milligrams a day (about 1 teaspoon of salt). †¢ Getting regular aerobic exercise (such as brisk walking at least 30 minutes a day, several days a week). †¢ Limiting alcohol to two drinks a day for men, one drink a day for women. Drugs to Treat High Blood Pressure In addition to lowering blood pressure, these measures enhanceRead MoreEducational Inclusion Of The National Curriculum Inclusion Statement2851 Words   |  12 Pagesdifferent to other subjects in its groupings. Co-educational lessons allow equal opportunities for boys and girls in the curriculum, provide greater opportunities for all to reach their potential (if set according to ability) and can help to overcome stereotypes of girls and boys (Hayes Stidder, 2003). However PE is different to classroom activities, they do not just focusing on the intellectual ability of a pupil, but their physical strength as well, which due to hormones and different developmentsRead MoreOlder Clients Essay8017 Words   |  33 Pagesphysiological effects of an otherwise sedentary lifestyle and increase active life expectancy by limiting the development and progression of chronic disease and disabling conditions. Ideally, exercise prescription for older adults should include aerobic, muscle strengt hening, and flexibility exercises. In addition, individuals at risk for falling or mobility impairment should also perform specific exercises to improve balance. The intensity and duration of physical activity should be low at the outsetRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power

Bowfishing Essay Example For Students

Bowfishing Essay Not many people know about a sport called bowfishing. When people think ofbowfishing, they think that you must lose a lot of arrows because the archer hasno way of retrieving his or her arrow after launching it off its rest. This is avery big misconception in a very misunderstood and mysterious sport. As mostpeople dont understand about bowfishing, then dont know that mostbowfisherman rely on the darkness of night to cover them as the approach theirprey. A specially rigged bowfishing boat with archer aboard the pvc platform, asthe floodlights gaze onto the waters edge, the archer draws back his arrowand settles its sights on the unsuspecting Asian carp, the archer releases thearrow to hear a sound only too familiar as the arrow breaches the soft skin ofthe spawning carp. After the adrenaline ceases, the archer reels in his prizefor the evening. Only a true bowfisherman can feel the power it has to know thathe controls the lives of the prey he takes. This feeling cant be described inw ords, but can be felt with the utmost power and audacity of a life being savedor taken. Bowfishing is a sport that requires both hunting and fishing skills aswell as knowledge of each sport. Bowfishing is similar to hunting because ofits use of the archers favorite weapon, the bow. The bow is considered tobe one of the most difficult weapons in any hunters arsenal. Along withits light weight and easy maneuverability, it also boasts an extremechallenge to whomever uses it to its full potential. Whether you decide towalk along the primal side and use a traditional bow or a recurve bow, youachieve the most out of your sport without using sights, a rest or release. Orif you choose a more modern and faster method of archery, you will achieve asense of accomplishment with either of these great weapons. A traditional bow ismostly what the Indians used when they made their first movement to this greatland. It is a straight stick that is slightly bent back towards thestring. A recurve bow is a more modern version of the traditional bow. It ismassively bent at the end toward the riser or rest, and when at full draw, thetips of this bow are in line with the string. Upon the other hand, you couldmove up with technology and acknowledge the existence of a compound bow. Thecompound bow in many peoples minds have upgraded the sport of bowfishing to amore technological standpoint. Although compound bows have been around for quitea while, over the last three years, they have boosted themselves to anunbelievable height. From back in 1975, the average speed of a bow was about 175feet per second. About a year ago, I bought a magazine the showed the emphasisand excitement of the new bows of which claimed a whooping 300 feet persecond. These days, in the recent magazines, have showed new and recent studieson a 400 feet per second bow. These technologies can be measured in many ways totheir successes and failures. The positive side to a bow this fast is that yourarrow can get to your target quicker without spooking it. The negative side isthe infamous question: Why would anyone require that much speed? There is reallyno other answer but the fact of bragging rights and that you dont spookyour target. In this sport of bowfishing, you use an average of 75 to about 150feet per second, depending on where you are fishing. If you decide to let yourprey reside in a more of a pond setting or a small lake, then you need lessspeed. If you require quick shooting in a big lake or the ocean, then you shoulddecide on more speed, because if you decide on slower arrow release then youhave a chance of missing your target. My current bowfishing bow is set at about100 feet per second, because I maintain target by shooting at small rough fishsuch as: carp, catfish, gar, and small turtles. Bowfishing is similar to fishingin the respect of your target. Along with it being similar because of fish, italso maintains a similarity to the reel that it uses. The tools of this tradelie in th e number of items you can fit on your bow. It also depends on whichtype of bow you are using. If you shoot a recurve or traditional bow, then yourequire less items. With a traditional or recurve bow the archer has lost theuse of sights, a rest, and other implements. A compound uses the implements suchas: sights, a bowfishing rest, and optional release, and a nock saver. Therequired items on a bowfishermans list should be as follows: a custombowfishing arrow, a special cabling system, special bowfishing string, and areel. Without any one of these items, a bowfisherman would be not be able tocomplete his art. The arrow is one of the most important items on the archerslist, it is the single most important thing in the sport of bowfishing. It islike a normal arrow in looks, but when broken down it is made of fiberglassinstead of graphite or aluminum. One end of the arrow is similar to regularbowhunting, that is of course, the nock. A nock is a plastic piece that is gluedto the end of th e arrow and has a notched end, of which holds the arrow on thebow cable or bow string. At the other end of the arrow is tip that contains twostraight barbs, which keeps the fish from coming off the arrow while the fish isbeing played. After the fish is played, the archer can, on some types of tips,turn the end of the tip which releases the barbs straightness. As thishappens it lets the barbs point upward, and the archer can then push the fishoff the arrow without much resistance. As its not required by some archers,but is next to the most important for others, is the cabling system for anarrow. This contains the life support of the arrow. I firmly believe thatwithout this system, you would lose a lot of arrows, unfortunately I know thisfrom several personal experiences. The cabling system consists of a stainless800 pound test steel wire, 2 beads, a swivel, and two crimps. The wire slidesthrough two pre-drilled holes in the arrow, then wrapped around the arrowsshaft, the into the cri mp, and then crimped. After sliding the bead, the swivel,and the other bead onto the arrow, the wire slides through the other pre-drilledhole and then again crimped. The archers string is then tied onto the otherend of the swivel, completing the cabling rig. This allows the tension not torely on the string, but the cable, and also it allows the string to move alongthe arrow without friction. The next very important part of the archers listis the string. The string comes in a variety of strengths, mostly for bowfishing,an average of 300-400 pound test braided line. This is used for mostapplications, although when fishing for 150 pound alligator gar in southernTexas, you would need around a 600 to 900 pound test line. An option on stringis color, a lot of bowfisherman prefer a neon colored string. For ease of sightand for finding an arrow that has snapped its cable, it is a wise choice forneon colored line. A new string has just been developed for night bowfisherman,it has a fluoresce nt glow when a black light is applied to the tip of thestring. The last, but certainly not least important, is the reel, there areseveral types of reels, the drum reel, which is a cylinder that the string wrapsaround it and feeds off in the same manner. The second type is the AMS retrieverreel, it is one of the most sophisticated reels, it uses a finger brake andfishing type crank. It is made especially for bowfisherman. The third kindis the Zebco 808 or the 818 models, these are regular fishing reels, but alsodouble as bowfishing reels. They are mounted on a 12 or 18 inch rod the isscrewed into the stabilizer hole of the bow. This rod and reel combination isthe closest related to the sport of fishing. The last method of using a reel isthat it doesnt use a reel at all, but is just to lay the string on the groundand hopeing that it doesnt tangle when the arrow is released or get caught onan exterior appendage of your body. Water diffraction is one of the worstproblems a bowfisherman can encounter. Water diffraction is what occurs wheneversomething is in the water. If you stick a rod into the water, as soon as the rodenters the water it gives off the appearance that its bent. This is the waterdiffraction at work. Especially when night bowfishing, water diffraction takesplace, because most of night bowfishing is when the target is several inches orfeet underwater. Since the target is underwater, then the archer must decide howdeep is the target. Although it may look on the surface it can be several inchesunderwater. The formula for bowfishing is for every inch underwater the targetactually is, the archer should aim at least 3 inches below the target to defeatwater diffraction. If an archer can accomplish this skill within seconds ofsight of the target, the bowfisherman can start to consider himself well on theway to mastering the sport. Most bowfisherman seek targets as small as carp andgar, but a lot of archers seek bigger challenges. Alligator gars, rays, skate s,sharks, alligators, and several big predators maintain a large portion ofbowfishermans time. In some remote areas of Texas, videos have arisen ofbowfisherman landing 150 pound alligator gars. These massive creatures are takenby the initial arrow of the archer. This arrow is very different from mostarrows, as it has a break-away float or jug that detaches from its positionon the bow. This floats along the top of the water as the large creature glideson the bottom of the river or lake. As the archer nocks a second arrow, when thecrew members pull up the creature to the top of the water, the archer lands asecond and possibly a third arrow into the creature before its decent intothe water. This process maintains for sometimes hours, waiting for the creatureto tire and raise to the surface close enough to the boat so that a crew membercan put a gaff into its lower jaw and pull its massive body onto the boat. Greenwood County Keeps Growing Every Year New Things Are Build , Like Essay Sometimes this has come with a very heavy price. In one instance, an archer hadseven arrows into about a 175 pound alligator gar, and as they tried to pull thefish onto the boat, the sheer weight of the fish overturned the boat andeverything was lost except for the lives of the crew and the fish. This can be avery dangerous sport in its own right, so not all bowfishing hunts are asnice as others, there are several dangers in this sport. There are recordedinstances where bowfisherman have traveled the earth in seek of the greatalligators and crocodiles. In one of these instances, a bowfisherman had shotseveral times at 10 foot alligators with the aid of his guide. Unfortunatly helanded as many gators as he had come with. As the guide pointed his light to a14 foot gator, the archer landed a perfect shot, but as the archer went for asecond arrow, the gator started his death roll underwater and cranked inthe string. This motion would have been alright, but as the float was notattached to the archers bow, but just sitting on the floor of the airboat,the archer had no control over his float or other equipment. As the spinningaction seemed to reel in the string on the archers line, he nocked a secondarrow, unaware of the danger he was in. As he was about to release his secondarrow into the beast, the line which was wrapped around the archers leg,tightened and jerked him into the water, but not before the shot was anchoredinto the gators massive head. As some quick thinking by the hunter, hegrabbed his boot knife and cut the line loose. He grabbed the boat as a loudbang went off and the gator started his final decent to the bottom of the river,dead. As the archer looked up and saw the his guide, with smoking rifle in hand,and climbed aboard the 14 foot airboat. They pulled the massive creature aboardthe boat and went home, but never forgetting the memories of the almost fatefulnight that could have costed the bowfisherman his life. Bowfishing, as the nameimplies, is th e sport of hunting and shooting at fish with a bow and arrow. Thearrow has a barbed point and is tethered to the bow with a braided line. Whenthe arrow is fired from the bow, the line feeds out of a bowfishing reel, whichis attached to the front of the bow. When the arrow strikes a fish, the barbshold in the fish, and the fish is played by hand. Another option thebowfisherman may choose for playing fish, is an 18 inch rigid fishing pole whichholds the reel and attaches to the bow. From the small three pound carp or gar,to the 150 pound alligator gar in Texas and the sharks in south Florida,bowfishing is a sport that has no equal to the adrenaline and fun that itprovides.

Northern Rock Plc free essay sample

Plc Contents Page 1Report2 1. 1Audit Committee and Auditors2 1. 2Experience:4 2Comparison5 2. 1Chief Executive and Chairman5 2. 2Audit Committee5 2. 3Risk Management Committee6 2. 4Remuneration amp; Nominations Committee6 3Chance of another failure6 4Conclusion:8 5References8 Report In this report I am going to highlight the weaknesses in the corporate governance code of Northern Rock that lead to its downfall. Audit Committee and Auditors According to the UK Corporate governance code the board should set up formal and obvious arrangements bearing in mind how to apply the corporate reporting internal control, and risk management rules for keeping the right relationship with the company`s auditors. The board should make up an audit committee of at least three non executive directors in the case of smaller companies at least two NEDs. The chairman can be a member in smaller companies but cannot chair the committee unless he or she was considered independent on appointment as chairman. The board should make sure that at least one the member should have recent and relevant experience in the audit committee. We will write a custom essay sample on Northern Rock Plc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The board’s responsibilities are to lay out all the terms in writing and monitor the financial statement of the company, to review the financial performance and reporting. It should also review internal financial control, risk management system if not in place separately to check the effectiveness and internal function of internal audit. The board should also be review and monitor the external auditors work their appointments and re appointments, their remunerations, and more importantly the non audit services should be checked very closely. In the case of Northern rock the board and the audit committee failed to implement the above mentioned guidelines. In July 2007 the chief executive published on the website that operationally Northern rock’s first half of 2007 was a good one. He mentioned that mortgage lending in particular was strong. If that was the case then how did Northern Rock end up being nationalised in just over 7 months? Was someone checking and verifying the statements of the chief executive. The external auditor’s complacency was another issue. In their report of 2006 they gave a clean bill of health. This was later investigated by the House of Lords economic affairs committee which found that the auditors had performed their job carelessly. An effective audit committee could have spotted these problems well in advance. The reason for PWC’s complacency might either be because of the presence of Rosemary Radcliffe on the audit committee who was previously a partner of PWC or maybe they were providing other non audit services to the company and did not want to upset the board. As per the corporate governance code the number of audit committee’s members was according to the code but none of the NEDs had any financial experience. Nichola Pease had experience of fund management but not in the banking industry even that experience was not a recent one as required by the code. It seems that at Northern Rock the audit and risk committees were not taken very seriously as Rosemary Radcliffe only attended two out of four audit committee and one out of three risk committee meetings. Experience: Northern Rock appointed a Senior Independent Director with over half the board being non-executive directors- following the combined code 2 and Basel 2 recommendations. However none of the directors were experienced enough in the field of banking not even building society. This in fact does not support the idea of having good corporate governance as it does not ensure failure or success. The above factors raised questions as to why the company’s shareholders did not question the risky business model or was it because of outstanding profits seen as the reward for taking such risk. The remuneration committee can also be held responsible for the failure as both the chief executive and the company took on the gamble for the high risks which in turn questions the values of the shareholder and executive. As mentioned above there were so many factors involved . i. e. he lack of experience, the chairman of the board and nominations committee Dr Ridley had no prior financial experience and even the subject that he has studied is far different to the role he was responsible for. The other four non executive directors Fenwick, Gibson, Pease and Queen also did not have recent relevant experience. Sir Derek Wanless with a good education background but unfort unately with some negative history while working in NatWest where he got paid ? 3M having lead a disastrous acquisition strategy. If the company was aware of the history then why was he appointed as a chairman of the Audit and risk committee? All of the above points indicate that it was really poor corporate governance in place which neither of the committee paid attention or lack their experience in the case of chief executive`s appointment cannot be said that much as he was internally promoted it is sometimes good so he knew about the company from scratch to the top but in some case it is better to have an experience person from a different companies so that they can bring new ideas and innovation. The audit committee had to review what they have been there for the monitoring of the internal financial control, the services, remuneration, re appointments of the external auditors. If the corporate governance were strong in the company there would not be any mis representation of the financial reporting neither by the chief executive nor by the external auditors and also they would have known the consequence of the failure before it had happened. Comparison In this question I am going to compare the governance arrangements noted in the case study with the current version of the UK corporate Governance code. Northern rock had applied most of the governance code but there were some weaknesses in some of the areas. Chief Executive and Chairman As per the UK governance code the chief executive and the chairman should be separate, their re-appointment and remuneration will have to be approved by the board. In Northern Rock the above codes were applied properly. Chief executive and chairman were two different individuals and their appointment and re appointment were also approved by the board. Audit Committee As mentioned above Northern Rock’s audit committee failed to comply with the UK Corporate Governance code on more than one count which led to the auditors not performing their job properly. Audit committee should act as a watch dog in an organisation. Risk Management Committee UK corporate governance says that the board should conduct a review of the risk management committee’s effectiveness at least on a yearly basis. The review should cover almost everything including financial, operational and compliance controls and should be presented to the shareholders. Looking at the timeline of collapse of Northern Rock it seems that the risk committee was not very effective in identifying risks faced by the organisation and hence failed to perform its duty properly which led to the collapse of UK’s 5th largest lender in within one year. Remuneration amp; Nominations Committee According to the UK corporate governance code the company should have a remuneration and a nomination committee which should determine the salaries of the board members and should nominate suitable individuals for appointment. The nomination committee should be made up of non executive directors who should be independent members of the committee. The chair or non executive director should chair the committee but he or she should not chair the committee when appointing the successor to the chairmanship. The committee should also evaluate the skills, experience and knowledge of the candidate when making recommendations. It seems that northern rock’s nomination committee failed in doing their job properly according to the UK corporate governance code. If they had fulfilled the above requirements in accordance to the UK code then the inexperience of the NEDs would have not been an issue. Chance of another failure Generally, organisations with relatively poor governance don’t succeed as uch as those with high standard corporate governance aided by investors. Northern Rock proved this statement when worries about corporate governance resulted in poor performance. This came about 4 years before it was nationalised when shareholders were concerned in the kind of bonuses which were being paid to executives. This develops another understanding about the theory that governance drives performance rather than performance driving governance. Non-executives improve performance and t he balance between executives and non-executives is very vital. Considering both the internal and external factors affecting the failure of northern rock it was mainly caused due to its internal disability of managing crisis. It was the very flawed legal regulation and the poor corporate governance of Northern Rock that let itself down during the tough mortgage crisis in the US. The business model of the company worked for a number of years but despite the risk involved the non-executive directors cared less of the actual risks to the company’s model. Lesson can be learnt from the Northern Rock fiasco by other businesses regardless of their size or profitability. If any business does not implement the corporate governance codes properly they are guaranteed to have problems sooner or later. Similar failure happened to the fourth largest American bank Lehman brothers due to poor corporate governance as their systems were very weak. The key areas of the failure were Corporate risk management, Board of directors, remuneration committee and nomination committee. The board of directors included nine retired four of them 75 years old one a theatre producer and another navy admiral with no banking industry experience. In the board of directors the directors were paid well for their work each in the range $325,000 to $397,000 even after getting high return from the company they were not seriously taking care of the company due to having other responsibilities. Their risk management were also a failure because their executive committee the CRO and the CFO meeting were every week but instead they meet only twice in both 2006 and 2007 which was very outrageous. The failure of the remuneration committee was that only $1 billion were paid in cash bonuses in just matter of 8years which is a big failure. Other than that $500 million was paid to the chairman. Out of the ten board member four of them were 75 years old and only one had the recent knowledge of financial sector. If in the future any other bank or business will not make their corporate governance strong I am afraid there will be more cases like in the future. Conclusion: After all I have mentioned above it was a poor corporate governance that led the bank to failure. Northern rock had all sort of weaknesses in their corporate governance code it will be a good lesson for the other banks to learn if they have any sort of weaknesses in their corporate governance they should amend those before it will be too late. References 1. Treanor, J. (2008). Poor governance reduces profits, says ABI. Available: http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/2008/feb/27/executivesalaries. insurance. Last accessed 09 Feb 2013. 2. Roman A. Tomasic . (2009). Corporate Rescue, Governance and Risk Taking Northern Rock and Its International Context. Available: http://papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstract_id=1417953. Last accessed 09 Feb 2013. 3. The Financial Reporting council. (2012). The UK Corporate Governance Code. Available: http://www. frc. org. uk/Our-Work/Publications/Corporate-Governance/UK- Corporate-Governance-Code-September-2012. aspx. Last accessed 09 Feb 2013. 4. Agha, M G and Qatinah, A. (). Lehman Brothers and Corporate Governance Failure. Available: http://www. slideshare. net/adnanqatinah1/lehman-brothers-case-study2. Last accessed 09 Feb 2013.

A Rejection of Capitalism essays

A Rejection of Capitalism essays The basic ingredient of capitalism is the trading of labor for something else of value. This labor is then used to generate profits for the employer. "Labor power is, therefore, a commodity which its possessor, the wage-worker sells to capital. Why does he sell it? In order to live (p. 204)." This is the fundamental recipe for capitalism in today's system. Marx sees this system as a failure of mankind. This is a system that separates those who own, and those who do not. "The proletarian class feels destroyed in this alienation, seeing in it its own impotence and the reality of an inhuman existence. The possessing class feels satisfied and affirmed in this self-alienation, experiencing the alienation as a sign of its own power (p.133)." What Marx is trying to say, (I can sure tell that English was not his first language) is that "most will work for few." There will be a class of ultra-rich and a very large majority of ultra-poor. When you look back through our last 150 years of history, it is not too hard to see that without some kind of government intervention, Marx's predictions would not be too far off of the target. In fact, I would argue that without government intervention, Marx's ideas were correct. When Marx writes about Freedom, Equality, Property, and Bentham, he is laying out the very rights of man. He then puts those rights in a cause-effect relationship with the theory of absolute capitalism. Capitalists view their system as the system which allows the most freedom to date. In a capitalist system one is a free agent on the labor market. Train yourself, promote yourself, and then sell your labor to the highest bidder. This is a major weight-bearing pillar that holds the roof of capitalism. Marx sees this as the beginning of the end. This is a voluntary method of creating a society based on different social classes. Marx sees this system of social classes as a glass globe. Marx demands that ...

Ethical dilmma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical dilmma - Assignment Example Let us take an example to clarify the importance of ethics in marketing. Classic Technologies is a firm, which manufactures electric products, such as, washing machines, microwave ovens, and juicers. The company is based in Philadelphia and for the time being carries out its business operations only in Philadelphia. A few months ago, the company launched its marketing campaign for a comparatively low priced newly manufactured washing machine. To attract the customers, the managers of the company introduced a one get one free scheme. The scheme was that if a customer buys a washing machine, the company would provide the customer with a free juicer machine of the same quality. A large number of customers opted to buy the washing machines. However, the company could not live up to the expectations of the customers because the juicer machines, which the company used to provide to the customers, were of very low and compromising quality. The customers trusted the company’s words, b ut they were hurt badly because of the quality, which the company provided to the customers. The ethical issue involved in this example was that the company should have provided the customers with excellent quality as promised but the company went against marketing ethics, which not only resulted in customer dissatisfaction but also affected the image of the company. Works Cited Smith, Scott.

The Boeing 757-200 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Boeing 757-200 - Research Paper Example Changes included wing design and engines. Aim This essay will discuss the unique aerodynamic characteristics of the Boeing 757-200. Boeing 757-200 The Boeing 757-200 entered operational service in 1983 and featured numerous design enhancements in the areas of propulsion, aerodynamics, avionics and materials, aimed at meeting its medium haul clients requirements of increased fuel efficiency, decreased noise and increased operational performance (Boeing). The aircraft was available in passenger and freighter configurations, with a maximum takeoff weight of 255,000 pounds (lbs) providing increased payload or range (Boeing). To achieve these enhancements, modified or new design features included; Wing design, Engines, Improved light weight materials, and Modified flight station instrumentation. Wing Design The 757-200’s wing is swept at 250, has a longer span, higher upper surface camber and lower under surface camber, combined with sharper leading edges (Boeing). Relating these f eatures to the lift equation: Lift= CL x (? p V2) x wing area (s), where CL is the coefficient of lift and p (rho) is density, (Dole and Lewis, 2000), as the wing area has increased, this, along with the increase in camber (increasing CL), means that lift is improved. Additionally, as wingspan increases, wingtips are farther apart which reduces the impact of trailing vortices on the wing and decreases induced drag (aerospaceweb). The 757-200 wing shape is a supercritical airfoil (Figure 1) (aerospaceweb). This is commonly used on aircraft that cruise at transonic (less than Mach 1 (Dole and Lewis, 2000)) speeds and is designed to reduce drag through delaying the speed at which the compressibility effect becomes significant (Aerospaceweb). Compressibility effect is the increase in density at an aerofoil due to forward motion (FAA, 2001). Figure 1: Boeing 757 wing airfoil section The differences in pressure distribution over the supercritical airfoil can be seen in comparing between t he conventional and supercritical sections, as seen at Figures 2 and 3 (aerospaceweb). Figure 2: Pressure distribution over a conventional airfoil Figure 3: Pressure distribution over a supercritical airfoil Figure 4 (aerospaceweb) shows the coefficient of lift versus angle of attak for the 757-200 wing section. Figure 2: Boeing 757 wing airfoil section lift coefficient The aerodynamic benefits of a supercritical airfoil is related to critical Mach number. Accelerated airflow over an upper airfoil section due to wing camber can reach Mach 1 where the aircraft Mach number (speed) is lower. The speed at which the flow over the wing surface reaches Mach 1 is called the critical Mach number (FAA, 2001). As speed increases above the critical Mach number, areas of supersonic flow are created over the airfoil surfaces. This is accompanied by a shock wave which varies pressure and density. An adverse pressure gradient is created by slowed airflow, inducing higher pressure, which may result in a rapid separation of the airflow from the surface of the airfoil. This separation creates an area of turbulent wake resulting in rapid increases in drag. The Mach number at which this begins to occur is known as the drag divergence Mach number (FAA, 2001). The benefits of a super critical airfoil in combination with swept wings are that the critical Mach number is close to one thereby delaying and reducing the large increase in drag due to wave drag (aerospaceweb). In addition to the above, modified wing sweep enables the optimal combination between required cruising speed, CL and drag divergence (FAA, 2001), whilst the sharper leading edge reduces parasitic drag (Applied Aerodynamics, 2007). It is considered the sharper leadi

Official Crime Statistics Essay Example for Free

Official Crime Statistics Essay What are the main strengths and weaknesses of official crime statistics and victimization surveys? In this essay I will be discussing the main strengths and weaknesses of official crime statistics and victimization surveys. I have done tremendous research to back up my work, I have also used famous criminologists and other bodies who understand criminalization to help re-enforce my points. Most experts and successful authors, such as Tim Newburn, Brent E. Turvey and Clive Coleman have attempted, through their literature to show how crime has evolved and how surveys have influenced the public’s views about it. The first ever national crime statistics were published in France, 1827. Adolphe Quetelet, a scholar and previous astronomer was the first individual to take a serious approach and interest in criminal statistics. He then went on to become a leading body in criminology and social sciences for his work. Official crime statistics are placed under the ideology of crime rates in the UK and Wales. Numbers that the BCS, police and other law aboding bodies can gather together from the public, their research and other sources to help give the most accurate rate of crime they can. Victimisation surveys are generally random samples of the population asked whether they have been a victim to crime within a specific period of time. The reasons why these two different types of surveys must be taken are so that crime statistics can attempt to be more solid, although the argument is always made that there will never be an accurate percentage of crime and I will also be touching on why this statement has and always will be made. Crime statistics and Victimisation surveys are polls taken and received by victims of crime or the criminals and individuals who commit them. There has been much controversy amongst crime statistics of how accurate and precise they really are. I will be discussing these issues, but overall focusing my main points onto the strengths and weaknesses of official crimes statistics and victimisation surveys. Without crime statistics there would be no base grounds on the numbers of crimes averagely committed, by what sex and by what age group. Howeve r, without victimization surveys crimes may stay ‘hidden’ crimes such as domestic violence, burglary and intimidation. Why I mention these three in particular are because statistics show that most common repeat victims of crime are within these types of offences. Other offences also include other household theft and vandalism. One example of a top victimization survey is the British Crime Survey. The British Crime Survey or BCS for short is a nationally represented survey with a successful sample of approximately 47,000 adults living in private households in England and wales every year. The BCS started its survey’s in 1981 and it became a fluent survey database until 2001/2002. This survey is a face to face interview where the respondents or victims are asked about their experiences and feelings of crime that may have happened to them or people they know in the last 12 months, the BCS also ask them about their opinions of crime and crime related topics such as anti-social behaviour. These types of people would also be asked about the effectiveness of the police and how they deal with these is sues of crime. The British crime survey is a very important key piece of information and source of data on the background of respondents and the overall circumstances of victimization. A public, accurate crime statistic is most commonly the police, a more community based, less national and less accurate version as it’s range of scope does not cover the nation; however both sources limit themselves to a set of offences. Making it easier to gain a more accurate percentage. One main difference between the BCS and the police is that the BCS excludes victimless crimes, drug dealing and murder. The reason for this is the victims are no longer available to discuss the events that happened. Other crimes they exclude are sexual offences; this is generally due to the small number reported and the unwillingness of respondents to come forward. Another main difference between the two is that BCS thefts including personal property and other household items, because with the police they would involve everything included in the theft, jewellery, personal belongings, with the BCS it would all fall into a similar category making it a difficult task to achieve. A weakness of official crime statistics and victimisation surveys is that an argument could be bought up are they actually official? Just because they’re published doesn’t make them correct. What about the crimes that aren’t reported, Because of victims being afraid, intimidated or not having trust in the police. These events being called ‘Hidden Crimes’ or as they are often referred to ‘Dark Figures’. In addition to this, modern day statistics are now more enclosed, for example in Tim Newburn’s ‘Criminology’ he discusses how crimes such as violence against the person accounts to events such as murder, assa ult, however not reckless driving which could be considered to focus fully on physical damage. So as statistics are not as open to as many crimes as they wish, some will slip through and possibly go into a much minor category. Obviously a disadvantage being that individual may feel neglected and reluctant to detail the events. Due to the declining of main volume crimes in the recent years, beliefs about crime are still quite high. A third of the population from 2003 still believed that crime was a high rated problem. Advantages of Statistics such as these are that they tend to give the public a clear understanding of what crime rates are at. This table shows beliefs about crime, public fear that possibly the tabloids could have caused. This is discussed a weakness to crime statistics and the public, in a way the media are creating crimes, feeding on crime fear. As I mentioned earlier Crime statistics are never fully accurate and power is always an important factor when determining crime. Smaller crimes such as robbery are associated with the ‘Underclass’ Theory by Charles Murray. These types of offences are more down to the individual rather than a group. Dr Ziggy MacDonald of the University of Leicester wrote a piece in the Economic Journal about ‘Hidden Crimes’, one of the things his research showed was that ‘forecasts of crime trends fail to take proper account of what drives unreported crime. For example, someone who is currently unemployed is 7% less likely to report a burglary than someone who is currently in work, while someone on a relatively high income is 8% more likely to report a burglary than someone on less than average income’ He discussed how the decrease in employment could eventually lead to the higher rate of theft from people’s properties, and resulting in victims not reporti ng it, maybe thinking it won’t matter as their income isn’t high enough to replace the item anyway. Even though the difference between low income individuals and high income individuals is 1% which from my research closely is around 16% burglaries every year as a crime rate, 1% of those victims with a low income are subjected towards not reporting theft of their possessions. Certain individual’s economic status (as shown in from MacDonald’s work) can become a huge factor when determining ‘Hidden Crimes’. People could feel helpless as income is low, or they may live in a deprived area, with no way of being helped their behaviour could become ‘broken’ referring to the ‘broken glass theory’ a single building could have a shattered window for a period of time and the community around that area may feel unwanted, leaving a physical and emotional gap between this community and the open world. Because of this, other buildings may become trashed and broken, people would begin to avoid the area it ‘self, the idea of fear within these ‘Hidden Crimes’. This adds to the statistics the BCS and the police may not know about, smaller areas may not be expected to have high rates of crime and therefore focus is taken away from them. Bigger areas such as Birmingham would be a prime target for crime, the assumption is made. Another theory could that there could possibly be Marxist Criminology, Crime due to class divisions within a society or community, or pe rhaps crimes of the powerful, individuals or groups of people being treated differently in society, expelled from other physical and emotional contact, leaving them no choice but to turn to crime. Transference, to be precise. In August, 2011 the riots in the United Kingdom gave breach to a huge collaboration of crime sprees. Over 1000 people were arrested, yet possibly over 100,000 protested against this Marxist Criminology from politics, student fees and tax increases. Not every individual was caught, making statistics even scarcer. These significant changes within society set alight events that triggered this. This idea of Neo Marxism relating to ‘Dark Figures’ as not every individual in society has the same equal access as other fortunate people, be it financially, emotionally and they lash out because of it. Yet these ‘crimes’ aren’t recorded, they go unnoticed and became a damaging part of a society. In relation to this is the Left Realism theory, a social democratic approach to the analysis of crime and the development of effective policies of crime control. At the heart of all of this is a source of suffering for the poor and the vulnera ble, this links from the ideology of smaller much petty crimes. Bullying for example which as many of 44% of suicides by children from the ages of 10-14 are potentially linked. Data sources of the years have developed and grown onto this topic from the 1900’s as society and trends begin to evolve. Children picked on because of their backgrounds or income, yet data sources still have a less accurate number to this topic than any other. Official crime statistics do not generally show crimes committed by corporations, if any results are shown, they aren’t ever big corporations. An example of corporations is Citibank, high profile data breaches, and even the business Sony. These ‘White Collar Crimes’ are not easily detected, distinguishing them from victimization surveys. They could be breaches of health and safety laws, not identifiable to the easiest detail. Linking to this could be an idea of a corporations being known as ‘Mavericks’ people who are the exceptions rather than the rules, so society and governing bodies refuse to believe that they would commit corporate crimes, allowing them to get off easy. Or even reduc ing the expected costs. One of the biggest corporate crimes was an incident that occurred in 1984 Bhopal. Hundreds of people were killed in a chemical accident, by a company called Union Carbide. They owned a pesticide plant which was around 3 miles from Bhopal. The leading director of that company told the BBC that ‘methyl isocyanate gas (MIC) had escaped when a valve in the plants underground storage tank broke under pressure’ As laws are different from the USA and India, payments have still not been made to the families, who deserve compensation, an American firm that is above the law and have been forced into no legal action whatsoever. Could this have future affects to India, How people live, fear foreign businesses, Should they have to live in fear. In conclusion to my research and the theories I have mentioned. I believe that crime statistics can define the crime rate in the UK every year, both types of surveys have their weaknesses and strengths, society as a whole helps mould the body of crime, they can also be the reliable source to provide it, and stop it. My results and research from numerous sources have given an indication on the levels of crime in the UK. Bibliography http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627523/victim-survey http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/crime-justice/crime/victims-of-crime/index.html http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/crimeew0809.html http://www.res.org.uk/society/mediabriefings/pdfs/2002/february/macdonald1.pdf http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_2698000/2698709.stm http://www.civitas.org.uk/crime/factsheet-YouthOffending.pdf

MS :: essays research papers

Multiple Sclerosis Mission:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The mission of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is to end the devastating effects of multiple sclerosis. Providing accurate, up-to-date information to individuals with MS, their families, and healthcare providers is central to our mission. The organization is to prevent and cure MS, and to improve the lives of all people affected with MS. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society funds research, publishes scientific finding, provides information and other services to people with MS. History:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The coming of the National MS Society emerged from wartime research efforts in many areas. In 1943 new methods of technologies of the actual myelin was determined. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society was founded in 1946. Other info.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚    §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, often disabling disease of the central nervous system.  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people with MS are diagnosed between ages of 20 and 40 but the unpredictable physical and emotional effects can be life-long.  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women develop the disease at a rate almost double that of men.  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MS is not fatal-with modern medicine and technology; people with MS live 90%-95% of the normal life span.  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cause is a mystery and no cure has been found. Symptoms:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Numbness in body parts may include: slurred speech, blurred or double vision, tremors, loss of balance, and poor coordination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Invisible symptoms include extreme fatigue, mental changes as mood swing, forgetfulness, and confusion. ag;lja'jk'ffjkajgk'jgakj;aj;ljg;lkajsjfadjskgj;kasj;kgjakdsjgk'jMultiple Sclerosis 6560 Fannin, Suite 1224 Houston, TX 77030 (713) 798-7707 infor@mnss.org Mission:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The mission of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is to end the devastating effects of multiple sclerosis. Providing accurate, up-to-date information to individuals with MS, their families, and healthcare providers is central to our mission. The organization is to prevent and cure MS, and to improve the lives of all people affected with MS. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society funds research, publishes scientific finding, provides information and other services to people with MS. History:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The coming of the National MS Society emerged from wartime research efforts in many areas. In 1943 new methods of technologies of the actual myelin was determined. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society was founded in 1946. Other info.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚    §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, often disabling disease of the central nervous system.  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people with MS are diagnosed between ages of 20 and 40 but the unpredictable physical and emotional effects can be life-long.

To Study the Filterability and Quality of Raw Sugar for Refining

To Study the Filterability and Quality of Raw sugar for Refining ABSTRACT This study was particularly designed to evaluate the quality parameters of raw sugar which ultimately affect the filterability of raw sugar. It is a cane sugar which has been minimally processed and product of the first stage of cane sugar refining process which has some very distinctive characteristics. Filterability of raw sugars is one of the primary sugar quality parameters.To the refiner, the filterability of raw melt is important as it directly influences factory throughout. The physico-chemical characteristics of sugar including moisture, polarization, reducing sugar, ash contents, color constituents, microbial examination (Total colony count and yeast) and sensory evaluation such as appearance, odour and texture were determined. The results obtained from physico-chemical analysis showed that these parameters were affected significantly among the samples of raw sugars.The microbial analysis showed that t he total colony count and the yeast were also affected significantly among the samples while in sensory evaluation appearance was affected significantly whereas texture and odour were affected non-significantly among the samples of the raw sugars. It can be concluded from the results that sample four was observed to have a good quality while sample six had the opposite result to that of sample four and was considered to have a very low quality. Keywords: Raw Sugar Refinery, Operational Concept and Quality Perspectives Name: Zia-ud-Din Regd.No: 2006-ag-1861 National Institute of Food Science and Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE ChairmanDr. Ghulam Rasool MemberDr. M. Atif Randhawa MemberDr. Muhammad Sharif INTRODUCTION Raw sugar is an intermediate product of refining and affination process of sugar manufacturing that consists of pale yellow to brown sugar crystals covered with a film of syrup. This is infact, an intermediate stage in the production of sugar, having sucrose and water contents 95-97 and 0. 25-1. 1%, respectively. It is of yellowish brown colour due to the presence of molasses (3. %) and have burnt flavour with coarsely crystalline (Javaid et al. ,2011). The sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. ) is a commonly distributed plant and is one of the most significant source of sugar in Pakistan. Current reports have shed light into numerous biological properties of sugarcane and its resulting products. Fresh sugarcane juice is widespread in Pakistan as an inexpensive and sweet beverage. It is becoming a fashion juice and thirst satisfying drink served at roadside stalls, canteens and cafeterias throughout the country during the harvest season (Ali et al. 2001). The sugarcane is a thick, tall perennial grass that is grown in tropical or subtropical region. In the leaves sugar is synthesized that is either used as a energy source for growth of plant or is sent to the stalks for storage. In the stalks the sweet sap is th e source of sugar. The reed accumulates sugar to about 15 percent of its weight. About 2600000 tons of sugar per year is yielded by the sugar cane. Other sugar crops for sugar production involve sweet sorghum, honey, sugar maple and corn sugar (Dalziel et al. ,1999).Sugarcane is grown in Kharif season and is one of the main cash crops of Pakistan. It delivers raw material to sugar industries and sugar associated products. For the rural community of the country, it produces income and services. Vital items for industries like sugar, chipboard and paper, sugarcane helps in their value addition. Its share is 3. 6 percent in agriculture and 0. 8 percent in GDP. For the year 2009-10, an area of 943 thousand hectares is under sugarcane cultivation which is 8. 4 percent less as compared to the previous year (1029 thousand hectares).Production of the sugarcane for the year 2009-10 is assessed to be 49. 4 million tons, in contrast to 50 million tons previous year ultimately the production is reduced to 1. 3 percent. Key factors involved for low productions are canal water scarcity, electricity shortage, area under wheat crop during 2008-09 is maximum ultimately confining the sugarcane acreage, lower prices for the sugarcane crop in the previous year and higher inputs rates also restrict the farming community from growing sugarcane crop (GOP, 2009-2010).The keeping quality of sugar was studied keeping in the view the process of drying played a pivotal role. By keeping the sugar under humid conditions, microbial decomposition along with loss of sugar occurred rendering the quality of sugar impure. After the process of drying, the process of polarization becomes augmented and the notorious effects of microorganisms become less. If the sugar is wet when fed into the dryer, large amount of heat is required for the process of drying the sugar. Sample purity plays a vital role in determination of overall moisture contents of the sugar sample.If the size of the crystals of sug ar becomes enlarge, ultimately increasing the moisture percentage of the sugar sample (Javaid et al. , 2011). An experiment was conducted which showed the presence of iron particle and bagacillo causes the physical hazards and biological contamination in the finished products respectively. Following essential steps should be taken in order to keep the juice clear and free from the particles of bagacillo i. e. pre- juice heating (106 oC or above), required chemical dozing at clarifier, pass the clarified juice from 0. 25 mm rotary screen. They both are ISO (i. . International Standardization Organization) 22000:2005, Critical Control Points (CCP’s) of Food Safety Management System, covers HACCP (i. e. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) (Javaid et al. , 2011). The parameters were studied and an experiment was conducted in which pre-treatments of sugarcane bagasse for the production of fermentable sugar was carried out. They studied the effects of particle size, NaOH conce ntration, temperature and liquid to solid ratio (LSR) on the production of reducing sugars and sonication time on delignification using Placket-Burman design.They concluded that sugarcane bagasse that was pre-treated with ultra-sound assisted alkaline pre-treatments showed superior yield and production of reducing sugars as compared to the commercial pre-treatments. They also concluded that the most striking feature of the ultra-sound assisted alkaline pre-treatments was the improved efficacy during the pre-treatment time and temperature that were kept reduced during the process. They also found that the feasibility and instalment of this process on a larger scale need energy optimization and appropriate reactors design (Velmurugan and Muthukumar 2012).Sugar beet pulp was utilized as a support for immobilization of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L. ) cells to produce bioethanol. They found the method of immobilization of cells as simple, cheap and easy to carry out. They concluded that even without the supplementation of the nutrient, the production of bioethanol in an efficient manner from thick juice of sugar beet utilizing immobilized yeast cells on sugar beet pulp is possible in repeated batch mode. A maximum ethanol concentration of 52. 26 g/l, yield of 0. 446g/g was achieved in the thick juice substrate of seventh fermentation batch.However, the molasses was found to be less suitable medium for the production of the ethanol fermentation for more than three batches because of the accumulation of the coloured compounds that cause cell leakage from the support ultimately affected the metabolism of the immobilized yeast cells. They also determined that the dry sugar beet pulp plays a significant role during the support of immobilized yeast cell for the production of bioethanol and the dry sugar beet pulp can be used as a protein source in the animal feeds (Vucurovic and Razmovski 2012).MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of raw sugar were procured from sugarcane industry/local market. The research was conducted at the National Institute of Food Science and Technology in university of agriculture Faisalabad. Ash contents Total ash contents were determined by taking 5 gram sample in the china dish and placed on low flame while the mass is thoroughly charred, then the sample was heated in muffle furnace at 500+500C until white ash was obtained. This ash was cooled in the desiccator and weighed in percentage using the following formula: Total ash = Weight of ash ? 100 Weight of sample Colour Colour value was determined with colour meter ( Nauhaus color test- II, Neotec). It was first calibrated with the standards having lower and upper limits (51-70 respectively). Then the sample were filled in the Petri plate and the surface was made smooth by removing the sample material from the petri plate, to get the optimum reflection of light, emerged by the photo cells of the colour meter, reading was noted from the display. Sample readings were compare d with the standards. Grain size of crystalsAccording to SI specifications, crystals were graded into five sizes. In the grain size analysis, 100 g of sugar was taken on sieves, placed on a nest of sieves with a lid on the top of sieve and received at the bottom and was shaken for five minutes on a mechanical sieve shaker. The weight of each sample in gram was taken in the percentage of the sugar retained in the particular sieve. From the values, the accumulative percentage is calculated and compared. Filterability of the samples Filterability was determined by following the standard method enlisted in AOAC (2000). 5 g raw sugar sample was taken and dissolved in 50 ml water until the brix of the solution was 300. The time was noted during the filtration of each sample. Then the percent filterability was determined using the following formula: % Filterability = amount of the filtered solution ? 100 Total volume of solution Moisture Moisture was determined by taking 10 g of sample and drying it in a hot air oven at 100+50C for about 3 hours as recommended by ICUMSA. The loss in weight was the moisture contents calculated by using the following formula: moisture = loss of weight during drying ? 100 Weight of sample The data thus collected were subjected to statistical analysis using completely randomized design (CRD) and ANOVA techniques as described by Steel et al. , (1997) to check the effect of different parameters on the quality of raw sugar RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ash contents The results for statistical analysis regarding analysis of variance for the ash contents are presented in table 4. 3a. It is shown by the data that the values are affected highly significant for the ash contents in the samples of raw sugar.The mean values for the ash contents are shown in the table 4. 3b. It can be established from the data presented in the table 4. 3b that the highest value for the ash contents was found for sample six which was 0. 73 percent while the lowest value was recorded for the samples one, two and five. So the value for the ash contents were found to be decreasing for the samples in the order of T6>T1T2T5>T3T4. While it had been established by many sugar technologists that the contents of ash in the samples of sugar should not exceed 0. 5 percent.These results were reviewed by Chauhan et al. , (2011) and after doing further analysis he determined that the ash contents in some of the raw sugar is in high concentration because the raw sugar was affined for purification at different temperatures for the quality improvement. Colour Agudo et al. , (2002) determined that the crystals colour of the sugar is greatly affected by the colour and purity level of the pan feed liquor. Generally the process of crystallization removes 90-96 percent of colour. The feed liquor having low level of colour gave the sugar with better colour.The process of refining in the processing of sugar utilize the phosphatation, carbonation, bone char, affination (mechan ical separation of colour), granular carbon and ion exchange resin for the removal of colour before the process of sugar boiling (crystallization) for the production of sugar. According to ICUMSA (2007) standards, the maximum colour range of the raw sugar should be in the range of 400-600. The statistical analysis results regarding analysis of variance for colour contents in different samples of raw sugar is presented in the table 4. a. The results showed that the colour values were affected highly significant among the samples of raw sugar. The mean values for the colour contents in different raw sugar samples are shown in the table 4. 6b. The data showed that the maximum colour was observed for sample six and lowest was recorded for sample one. These results are in line with the above mentioned ICUMSA standards. Gyura et al. , (2007) proposed that some factors played an important role in the determination of colour and these factors affect the colour of the sugar.Some of these fac tors include sugar crystal size, colour types, ash constituents, boiling time, crystal distribution, polysaccharides and colour and purity of pan feed liquor. These factors determine the overall quality of sugar. So it was concluded that the increase value for the colour contents in the sample six was due to the occurrence of these impurities due to improper affination process or other refining process ultimately making it a low quality raw sugar. Size of crystals The results regarding analysis of variance for the size of crystals of different raw sugar samples have been shown in the table 4. a. The statistical analysis showed that the relationship between different raw sugar samples regarding the size of crystals were affected highly significant. The mean values for size of crystals among raw sugar samples had been presented in table 4. 5b. According to Jennings (1967), the size of crystals for the raw sugar should be between 0. 35-0. 60 mm. These research findings are in agreement with the research outcomes of the present study. The size of crystals for different raw sugar samples were in the range of 0. 39-0. 58 mm.The sample three and four had the maximum size of crystal of 0. 56 and 0. 58 mm respectively. While the minimum size of crystal was recorded for sample two which had a size of 0. 39 mm. As the standard size ranges from 0. 35-0. 60 mm, so all the samples fell in the range of standard values. It can be concluded from the review that during the sugar production optimal control is required for the growth of crystals in the crystallization stage is a vital factor for the production of sugar crystals that have the size according to specification. Argaw et al. (2006) stated that the process of growth and size of crystals can be observed by implementing varieties of different methods which involve visual inspections as well as indirect measurements. It was proposed by Beucher (1992) that the sieve method used for the assessment of the size of crystals of the raw sugar samples was well recognized for the quality determination on international scale. He stated that the sieve method is simple, easy to perform and a straight forward method which can be utilized in the production environment and this method require a modest technology.The demerits of this method that was established by the scientist were the large amount of samples and preparations required for the analysis and a more time consuming process making this a laborious method ultimately making this a difficult process to perform. It was also concluded that the size of crystals played a significant role in determining the quality of sugarcane and raw sugar produce. Filterability The results regarding the analysis of variance for the filterability of various raw sugar samples obtained from different sugar industries.The statistical analysis showed that the filterability was affected highly significant for different raw sugar samples. The mean values for the filterability of di fferent raw sugar samples are presented in table 4. 10b. Javaid et al. , (2011) stated that the impurity factor, starch and insoluble suspended matter in raw sugar have impact great influence on filtering quality of processed and unprocessed liquor. The starch has two main components i. e. traight chain amylase and branched chain amylopectin, the amylase: amylopectin ratio, the difference in charge characteristic with pH in solution, an important physico-chemical characteristic with reference to its role in filtration. High starch and low filterability process, therefore, have negative effects on clarification process that leads to the development of ash and colour in sugar. They also stated that the existence of starch in raw sugar influences and has effects on filtration, doubled the viscosity of low grade massecuite and impede the process of crystallization.The filterability of melted raw sugar has great effect on the refinery output however; when it does then it decrease the fil trate brix that leads to decrease the melting rate and viscosity as well. Consumption of excess steam in the evaporator or pan had an influence on the production during which the production suffered. Moisture The analysis for variance for the moisture contents of several raw sugar samples regarding the results have been presented in table 4. 1a. The statistical data narrated that the moisture contents of several raw sugar samples were affected highly significant.The values for the mean of the moisture contents for various raw sugar samples are shown in the table 4. 1b. It had been determined by Javaid et al. , (2011) that the moisture contents of the raw sugar were 40 percent during the examination. These findings of the research are parallel with the results of the present study. The moisture contents of the different raw sugar samples were in the range of 0. 20 to 0. 76 percent. The data also showed that the highest moisture contents were found in sample six followed by sample one while lowest values were recorded for sample four.Chen et al. , (1993) established that the moisture contents of the sugar is adaptable because of the non-reducing sugars during the process of manufacturing and also because of the contribution of the different types of agronomic factors such as storage, moisture, type of irrigation, soil conditions, season of harvesting and variety of cane crop. Such factors are involved during the analysis and study of present research. So the present difference can be attributed to these factors. Table 1: Mean values for Ash Contents, Colour, Size of Crystals, Filterability and Moisture Treatments |Ash Contents |Colour |Size of Crystals |Filterability |Moisture | |T1 |0. 5333ab |418. 33c |0. 4067c |58. 333b |0. 5333ab | |T2 |0. 3000ab |422. 33bc |0. 3933c |56. 133b |0. 4000bc | |T3 |0. 1667b |420. 00c |0. 600a |67. 000a |0. 2333c | |T4 |0. 1333b |447. 00abc |0. 5867a |70. 467a |0. 2000c | |T5 |0. 3000ab |490. 67ab |0. 4667b |38. 000c |0. 3000bc | |T6 |0. 7333a |503. 33a |0. 4733b |33. 000c |0. 7667a | CONCLUSIONThus it can be concluded from the present research that the sample four was the best regarding the sugar quality while sample from one to three were also of desire quality and quite near to the standards and were collected from the sugarcane industries. While sample six was collected from the cottage industry was proved to be of very poor quality. REFERENCES Agudo, J. A. G. , M. T. G. Cubero, G. G. Benito and M. P. Miranda. 2002. Removal of coloured compounds from sugar solution by adsorption on to anionic resins equilibrium and kinetic study. Sep. Purfi. Technol. , 29(3): 199-205.Ali. , F. G. , A. A. Chattha and M. A. Iqbal. 2001. Some fundamental causes of low sugar recovery and vital approach for its improvement. Pak Sugarcane J. 16(6):56-61. Argaw, G. A. , M. J. Alport and S. B. Malivga. 2006. Automatic measurement of crystal size distribution using image processing. Proc. South African Sug. Technol. Assoc. , 80: 399-411. Beucher, S. 1992. The watershed transformation applied to image segmentation. Scanning Microscopy Supplement, 6:229-314. Chauhan, M. K. , Varun, S. Chaudhary, S. Kumar and samar. 2011. Life cycle assessment of sugar industry review.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 15 (7): 3445-3453. Chen, J. C. P. , Chou and C. Chi. 1993. Cane sugar handbook a manual for cane sugar manufacturer and chemists. John willey and Sons, Inc. New york, Chichester, Brisbane, torantto, Singapore, 401-403. Dalziel, S. M. , Tan S. Y. , white E. T. and F. T. Broad. 1999. An image analysis system for sugar crystal sizing. Proc. Aust. Sug. Technol. , 21: 366-372. GOP. 2009-2010. Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad. Gyura, J. , Z. Sere, G. Vatai and E.B. Molnar. 2007. Separation of non-sucrose compounds from the syrup of sugar beet processing by ultra and nano-filtration using polymer membranes. Desalination, 148(1-3): 49-56. ICUMSA m ethods (2007). International commission for uniform methods of sugar analysis. 234-241. Javaid, G. S. , M. B. Bhatti, K. Rashid and M. Khalid. 2011. To introduce the Raw Sugar Refinery, its operational concept and quality prespective in Pakistan. Life Sci. Int. J. , 5(1): 2053-2062. Jennings, R. P. 1967. Further improvements in Raw Sugar Quality. Proc. Qld Soc. Sug. Cane Technol. 1: 62-64. Steel, R. , J. Torrie and D. Dickey. 1997. Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical approach. 3rd ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York, USA. Velmurugan, R. and K. Muthukumar. 2012. Ultrasonic assisted alakaline pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse for fermentable sugar production: optimization through response surface methodology. Bio-resource Technol. , 112(12): 293-299. Vucurovic, V. M. and R. N. Razmovski. 2012. Sugar beet pulp as a support for Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilization in bioethanol production. Ind. Crops Prod. , 39(12): 128-134.